What is a table called, if it does not have neither Cluster nor
Non-cluster Index? What is it used for?
Unindexed table or Heap. Microsoft
Press Books and Book On Line (BOL) refers it as Heap.
A heap is a table that does not have a clustered index and, therefore, the pages are not linked by
pointers. The IAM pages are the only structures that link the pages in a table together.
Unindexed tables are good for fast storing of data. Many times it is better to drop all indexes from table and than do bulk of inserts and to restore those indexes after that.
A heap is a table that does not have a clustered index and, therefore, the pages are not linked by
pointers. The IAM pages are the only structures that link the pages in a table together.
Unindexed tables are good for fast storing of data. Many times it is better to drop all indexes from table and than do bulk of inserts and to restore those indexes after that.
Scheduled tasks let user automate
processes that run on regular or predictable cycles. User can
schedule administrative tasks, such as cube processing, to run during times of slow business activity. User can also determine the order in which tasks run by creating job steps within a SQL Server Agent job. E.g. Back up database, Update Stats of Tables. Job steps give user control over flow of execution.
If one job fails, user can configure SQL Server Agent to continue to run the remaining tasks or to stop execution.
schedule administrative tasks, such as cube processing, to run during times of slow business activity. User can also determine the order in which tasks run by creating job steps within a SQL Server Agent job. E.g. Back up database, Update Stats of Tables. Job steps give user control over flow of execution.
If one job fails, user can configure SQL Server Agent to continue to run the remaining tasks or to stop execution.
Identity (or AutoNumber) is a column
that automatically generates numeric values. A start and
increment value can be set, but most DBA leave these at 1. A GUID column also generates numbers,the value of this cannot be controled. Identity/GUID columns do not need to be indexed.
increment value can be set, but most DBA leave these at 1. A GUID column also generates numbers,the value of this cannot be controled. Identity/GUID columns do not need to be indexed.
If @@Rowcount is checked after Error
checking statement then it will have 0 as the value of
@@Recordcount as it would have been reset. And if @@Recordcount is checked before the error-checking statement then @@Error would get reset. To get @@error and @@rowcount at the same time do both in same statement and store them in local variable.
SELECT @RC = @@ROWCOUNT, @ER = @@ERROR
@@Recordcount as it would have been reset. And if @@Recordcount is checked before the error-checking statement then @@Error would get reset. To get @@error and @@rowcount at the same time do both in same statement and store them in local variable.
SELECT @RC = @@ROWCOUNT, @ER = @@ERROR
De-normalization is the process of
attempting to optimize the performance of a database by adding redundant data.
It is sometimes necessary because current DBMSs implement the relational model
poorly. A true relational DBMS would allow for a fully normalized database at
the logical level, while providing physical storage of data that is tuned for
high performance. De-normalization is a technique to move from higher to lower normal
forms of database modeling in order to speed up database access.
Relational tables have six
properties:
· Values are atomic.
· Column values are of the same kind.
· Each row is unique.
· The sequence of columns is insignificant.
· The sequence of rows is insignificant.
· Each column must have a unique name.
· Values are atomic.
· Column values are of the same kind.
· Each row is unique.
· The sequence of columns is insignificant.
· The sequence of rows is insignificant.
· Each column must have a unique name.
Data integrity is an important
feature in SQL Server. When used properly, it ensures that data is accurate,
correct, and valid. It also acts as a trap for otherwise undetectable bugs
within applications.
A PRIMARY KEY constraint is a unique identifier for a row within a database table. Every table should have a primary key constraint to uniquely identify each row and only one primary key constraint can be created for each table. The primary key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity.
A UNIQUE constraint enforces the uniqueness of the values in a set of columns, so no duplicate values are entered. The unique key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity as the primary key constraints.
A FOREIGN KEY constraint prevents any actions that would destroy links between tables with the corresponding data values. A foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table. Foreign keys prevent actions that would leave rows with foreign key values when there are no primary keys with that value. The foreign key constraints are used to enforce referential integrity.
A CHECK constraint is used to limit the values that can be placed in a column. The check constraints are used to enforce domain integrity.
A NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values. The not null constraints are used to enforce domain integrity, as the check constraints.
A PRIMARY KEY constraint is a unique identifier for a row within a database table. Every table should have a primary key constraint to uniquely identify each row and only one primary key constraint can be created for each table. The primary key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity.
A UNIQUE constraint enforces the uniqueness of the values in a set of columns, so no duplicate values are entered. The unique key constraints are used to enforce entity integrity as the primary key constraints.
A FOREIGN KEY constraint prevents any actions that would destroy links between tables with the corresponding data values. A foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table. Foreign keys prevent actions that would leave rows with foreign key values when there are no primary keys with that value. The foreign key constraints are used to enforce referential integrity.
A CHECK constraint is used to limit the values that can be placed in a column. The check constraints are used to enforce domain integrity.
A NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values. The not null constraints are used to enforce domain integrity, as the check constraints.
Primary keys are the unique identifiers for each row. They must contain
unique values and cannot be null. Due to their importance
in relational databases, Primary keys are the most fundamental of all keys and
constraints. A table can have only one Primary key.
Foreign keys are both a method of ensuring data integrity and a manifestation of the relationship between tables.
Foreign keys are both a method of ensuring data integrity and a manifestation of the relationship between tables.
The Master database holds
information for all databases located on the SQL Server instance and is the
glue that holds the engine
together. Because SQL Server cannot start without a functioning master database,
you must administer this database with care.
The msdb database stores information regarding database backups, SQL Agent information, DTS packages, SQL Server jobs, and some replication information such as for log shipping.
The tempdb holds temporary objects such as global and local temporary tables and stored procedures.
The model is essentially a template database used in the creation of any new user database created in the instance.
The msdb database stores information regarding database backups, SQL Agent information, DTS packages, SQL Server jobs, and some replication information such as for log shipping.
The tempdb holds temporary objects such as global and local temporary tables and stored procedures.
The model is essentially a template database used in the creation of any new user database created in the instance.
Shutdown Microsoft SQL Server 2000,
and then run Rebuildm.exe. This is located in the Program Files\Microsoft SQL
Server\80\Tools\Binn directory.
In the Rebuild Master dialog box, click Browse.
In the Browse for Folder dialog box, select the \Data folder on the SQL Server 2000 compact disc or in the shared network directory from which SQL Server 2000 was installed, and then click OK. Click Settings.
In the Collation Settings dialog box, verify or change Settings used for the master database and all other databases.
Initially, the default collation settings are shown, but these may not match the collation selected during setup. You can select the same settings used during setup or select new collation settings. When done, click OK.
In the Rebuild Master dialog box, click Rebuild to start the process.
The Rebuild Master utility reinstalls the master database.
To continue, you may need to stop a server that is running.
Source: http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa197950(SQL.80).aspx
In the Rebuild Master dialog box, click Browse.
In the Browse for Folder dialog box, select the \Data folder on the SQL Server 2000 compact disc or in the shared network directory from which SQL Server 2000 was installed, and then click OK. Click Settings.
In the Collation Settings dialog box, verify or change Settings used for the master database and all other databases.
Initially, the default collation settings are shown, but these may not match the collation selected during setup. You can select the same settings used during setup or select new collation settings. When done, click OK.
In the Rebuild Master dialog box, click Rebuild to start the process.
The Rebuild Master utility reinstalls the master database.
To continue, you may need to stop a server that is running.
Source: http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa197950(SQL.80).aspx
Using query analyzer, name 3 ways to get an accurate count of the number of records in a table?
SELECT * FROM table1SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table1
SELECT rows FROM sysindexes WHERE id = OBJECT_ID(table1) AND indid < 2
What is the STUFF function and how does it differ from the REPLACE function?
STUFF function to overwrite existing characters. Using this syntax, STUFF(string_expression, start,length, replacement_characters), string_expression is the string that will have characters substituted,start is the starting position, length is the number of characters in the string that are substituted, and replacement_characters are the new characters interjected into the string.REPLACE function to replace existing characters of all occurance. Using this syntax
REPLACE(string_expression, search_string, replacement_string), where every incidence of
search_string found in the string_expression will be replaced with replacement_string.
What does it mean to have quoted_identifier on? What are the implications of having it off?
When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is ON, identifiers can be delimited by double quotation marks, and literals must be delimited by single quotation marks. When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is OFF, identifiers cannot be quoted and must follow all Transact-SQL rules for identifiers.What are three SQL keywords used to change or set someone’s permissions?
GRANT, DENY, and REVOKE.What are the OS services that the SQL Server installation adds?
MS SQL SERVER SERVICE, SQL AGENT SERVICE, DTC (Distribution transac co-ordinator)What are the different types of replication? Explain.
The SQL Server 2000-supported replication types are as follows:· Transactional
· Snapshot
· Merge
Snapshot replication distributes data exactly as it appears at a specific moment in time and does not monitor for updates to the data. Snapshot replication is best used as a method for replicating data that changes infrequently or where the most up-to-date values (low latency) are not a requirement. When synchronization occurs, the entire snapshot is generated and sent to Subscribers.
Transactional replication, an initial snapshot of data is applied at Subscribers, and then when data modifications are made at the Publisher, the individual transactions are captured and propagated to Subscribers.
Merge replication is the process of distributing data from Publisher to Subscribers, allowing the
Publisher and Subscribers to make updates while connected or disconnected, and then merging the updates between sites when they are connected.
What is sp_configure commands and set commands?
Use sp_configure to display or change server-level settings. To change database-level settings, use ALTER DATABASE. To change settings that affect only the current user session, use the SET statement.What command do we use to rename a db?
sp_renamedb ‘oldname’ , ‘newname’If someone is using db it will not accept sp_renmaedb. In that case first bring db to single user using sp_dboptions. Use sp_renamedb to rename database. Use sp_dboptions to bring database to multi user mode.
What is the difference between a local and a global variable?
A local temporary table exists only for the duration of a connection or, if defined inside a compound statement, for the duration of the compound statement.A global temporary table remains in the database permanently, but the rows exist only within a given connection. When connection are closed, the data in the global temporary table disappears. However, the table definition remains with the database for access when database is opened next time.
What is log shipping?
Log shipping is the process of automating the backup of database and transaction log files on aproduction SQL server, and then restoring them onto a standby server. Enterprise Editions only
supports log shipping. In log shipping the transactional log file from one server is automatically updated into the backup database on the other server. If one server fails, the other server will have the same db can be used this as the Disaster Recovery plan. The key feature of log shipping is that is will automatically backup transaction logs throughout the day and automatically restore them on the standby server at defined interval.
Stored procedures report errors to client applications via the RAISERROR command. RAISERROR doesn't change the flow of a procedure; it merely displays an error message, sets the @@ERROR automatic variable, and optionally writes the message to the SQL Server error log and the NT application event log.
What is @@ERROR?
The @@ERROR automatic variable returns the error code of the last Transact-SQL statement. If there was no error, @@ERROR returns zero. Because @@ERROR is reset after each Transact-SQL statement, it must be saved to a variable if it is needed to process it further after checking it.Can a stored procedure call itself or recursive stored procedure? How many level SP nesting possible?
Yes. Because Transact-SQL supports recursion, you can write stored procedures that call themselves. Recursion can be defined as a method of problem solving wherein the solution is arrived at by repetitively applying it to subsets of the problem. A common application of recursive logic is to perform numeric computations that lend themselves to repetitive evaluation by the same processing steps.Stored procedures are nested when one stored procedure calls another or executes managed code by referencing a CLR routine, type, or aggregate. You can nest stored procedures and managed code references up to 32 levels.
What is SQL server agent?
SQL Server agent plays an important role in the day-to-day tasks of a database administrator (DBA). It is often overlooked as one of the main tools for SQL Server management. Its purpose is to ease the implementation of tasks for the DBA, with its full-function scheduling engine, which allows you to schedule your own jobs and scripts.Which command using Query Analyzer will give you the version of SQL server and operating system?
SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('productversion'), SERVERPROPERTY ('productlevel'), SERVERPROPERTY('edition')
Where are SQL server users names and passwords are stored in sql server?
They get stored in master db in the sysxlogins table.What are the authentication modes in SQL Server? How can it be changed?
Windows mode and mixed mode (SQL & Windows).To change authentication mode in SQL Server click Start, Programs, Microsoft SQL Server and click SQL Enterprise Manager to run SQL Enterprise Manager from the Microsoft SQL Server program group.
Select the server then from the Tools menu select SQL Server Configuration Properties, and choose the Security page.
Which TCP/IP port does SQL Server run on? How can it be changed?
SQL Server runs on port 1433. It can be changed from the Network Utility TCP/IP properties –> Port number.both on client and the server.What kind of User-Defined Functions can be created?
There are three types of User-Defined functions in SQL Server 2000 and they are Scalar, Inline Table-Valued and Multi-statement Table-valued.Scalar User-Defined Function
A Scalar user-defined function returns one of the scalar data types. Text, ntext, image and timestamp data types are not supported. These are the type of user-defined functions that most developers are used to in other programming languages. You pass in 0 to many parameters and you get a return value.
Inline Table-Value User-Defined Function
An Inline Table-Value user-defined function returns a table data type and is an exceptional alternative to a view as the user-defined function can pass parameters into a T-SQL select command and in essence provide us with a parameterized, non-updateable view of the underlying tables.
Multi-statement Table-Value User-Defined Function
A Multi-Statement Table-Value user-defined function returns a table and is also an exceptional
alternative to a view as the function can support multiple T-SQL statements to build the final result where the view is limited to a single SELECT statement. Also, the ability to pass parameters into a TSQL select command or a group of them gives us the capability to in essence create a parameterized, non-updateable view of the data in the underlying tables. Within the create function command you must define the table structure that is being returned. After creating this type of user-defined function, It can be used in the FROM clause of a T-SQL command unlike the behavior found when using a stored procedure which can also return record sets.
What is User Defined Functions?
User-Defined Functions allow to define its own T-SQL functions that can accept 0 or more parameters and return a single scalar data value or a table data type.SQL Profiler is a graphical tool that allows system administrators to monitor events in an instance of Microsoft SQL Server. You can capture and save data about each event to a file or SQL Server table to analyze later. For example, you can monitor a production environment to see which stored procedures are hampering performance by executing too slowly.
Use SQL Profiler to monitor only the events in which you are interested. If traces are becoming too large, you can filter them based on the information you want, so that only a subset of the event data is collected. Monitoring too many events adds overhead to the server and the monitoring process and can cause the trace file or trace table to grow very large, especially when the monitoring process takes place over a long period of time.
What are types of sub-queries?
Single-row subquery, where the subquery returns only one row.Multiple-row subquery, where the subquery returns multiple rows,.and
Multiple column subquery, where the subquery returns multiple columns.
What is sub-query? Explain properties of sub-query.
Sub-queries are often referred to as sub-selects, as they allow a SELECT statement to be executed arbitrarily within the body of another SQL statement. A sub-query is executed by enclosing it in a set of parentheses. Sub-queries are generally used to return a single row as an atomic value, though they may be used to compare values against multiple rows with the IN keyword.A subquery is a SELECT statement that is nested within another T-SQL statement. A subquery SELECT statement if executed independently of the T-SQL statement, in which it is nested, will return a result set. Meaning a subquery SELECT statement can standalone and is not depended on the statement in which it is nested. A subquery SELECT statement can return any number of values, and can be found in, the column list of a SELECT statement, a FROM, GROUP BY, HAVING, and/or ORDER BY clauses of a T-SQL statement. A Subquery can also be used as a parameter to a function call. Basically a subquery can be used anywhere an expression can be used.
Properties of Sub-Query
A subquery must be enclosed in the parenthesis.
A subquery must be put in the right hand of the comparison operator, and
A subquery cannot contain a ORDER-BY clause.
A query can contain more than one sub-queries.
What types of Joins are possible with Sql Server?
Joins are used in queries to explain how different tables are related. Joins also let you select data from a table depending upon data from another table.Types of joins: INNER JOINs, OUTER JOINs, CROSS JOINs. OUTER JOINs are further classified as LEFT OUTER JOINS, RIGHT OUTER JOINS and FULL OUTER JOINS.
When is the use of UPDATE_STATISTICS command?
This command is basically used when a large processing of data has occurred. If a large amount of deletions any modification or Bulk Copy into the tables has occurred, it has to update the indexes to take these changes into account. UPDATE_STATISTICS updates the indexes on these tables accordingly.Difference between Function and Stored Procedure?
UDF can be used in the SQL statements anywhere in the WHERE/HAVING/SELECT section where as Stored procedures cannot be.UDFs that return tables can be treated as another rowset. This can be used in JOINs with other tables. Inline UDF's can be though of as views that take parameters and can be used in JOINs and other Rowset operations.
What is difference between DELETE & TRUNCATE commands?
Delete command removes the rows from a table based on the condition that we provide with a WHERE clause. Truncate will actually remove all the rows from a table and there will be no data in the table after we run the truncate command.TRUNCATE
TRUNCATE is faster and uses fewer system and transaction log resources than DELETE.
TRUNCATE removes the data by deallocating the data pages used to store the table’s data, and only the page deallocations are recorded in the transaction log.
TRUNCATE removes all rows from a table, but the table structure and its columns, constraints, indexes and so on remain. The counter used by an identity for new rows is reset to the seed for the column.
You cannot use TRUNCATE TABLE on a table referenced by a FOREIGN KEY constraint.
Because TRUNCATE TABLE is not logged, it cannot activate a trigger.
TRUNCATE can not be Rolled back.
TRUNCATE is DDL Command.
TRUNCATE Resets identity of the table.
DELETE
DELETE removes rows one at a time and records an entry in the transaction log for each deleted row. If you want to retain the identity counter, use DELETE instead. If you want to remove table definition and its data, use the DROP TABLE statement.
DELETE Can be used with or without a WHERE clause
DELETE Activates Triggers.
DELETE Can be Rolled back.
DELETE is DML Command.
DELETE does not reset identity of the table.
What is a NOLOCK?
Using the NOLOCK query optimiser hint is generally considered good practice in order to improve concurrency on a busy system. When the NOLOCK hint is included in a SELECT statement, no locks are taken when data is read. The result is a Dirty Read, which means that another process could be updating the data at the exact time you are reading it. There are no guarantees that your query will retrieve the most recent data. The advantage to performance is that your reading of data will not block updates from taking place, and updates will not block your reading of data. SELECT statements take Shared (Read) locks. This means that multiple SELECT statements are allowed simultaneous access, but other processes are blocked from modifying the data. The updates will queue until all the reads have completed, and reads requested after the update will wait for the updates to complete. The result to your system is delay(blocking).How to implement one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships while designing tables?
One-to-One relationship can be implemented as a single table and rarely as two tables with primary and foreign key relationships.One-to-Many relationships are implemented by splitting the data into two tables with primary key and foreign key relationships.
Many-to-Many relationships are implemented using a junction table with the keys from both the tables forming the composite primary key of the junction table.
What's the difference between a primary key and a unique key?
Both primary key and unique enforce uniqueness of the column on which they are defined. But by default primary key creates a clustered index on the column, where are unique creates a nonclustered index by default. Another major difference is that, primary key doesn't allow NULLs, but unique key allows one NULL only.Case sensitivity
A and a, B and b, etc.
Accent sensitivity
a and á, o and ó, etc.
Kana Sensitivity
When Japanese kana characters Hiragana and Katakana are treated differently, it is called Kana
sensitive.
Width sensitivity
When a single-byte character (half-width) and the same character when represented as a double-byte character (full-width) are treated differently then it is width sensitive.
What is Collation?
Collation refers to a set of rules that determine how data is sorted and compared. Character data is sorted using rules that define the correct character sequence, with options for specifying casesensitivity, accent marks, kana character types and character width.What is a Linked Server?
Linked Servers is a concept in SQL Server by which we can add other SQL Server to a Group and query both the SQL Server dbs using T-SQL Statements. With a linked server, you can create very clean, easy to follow, SQL statements that allow remote data to be retrieved, joined and combined with local data.Storped Procedure sp_addlinkedserver, sp_addlinkedsrvlogin will be used add new Linked Server.
What is the use of DBCC commands?
DBCC stands for database consistency checker. We use these commands to check the consistency of the databases, i.e., maintenance, validation task and status checks.E.g. DBCC CHECKDB - Ensures that tables in the db and the indexes are correctly linked.
DBCC CHECKALLOC - To check that all pages in a db are correctly allocated.
DBCC CHECKFILEGROUP - Checks all tables file group for any damage.
What is cursors?
Cursor is a database object used by applications to manipulate data in a set on a row-by-row basis, instead of the typical SQL commands that operate on all the rows in the set at one time.In order to work with a cursor we need to perform some steps in the following order:
Declare cursor
Open cursor
Fetch row from the cursor
Process fetched row
Close cursor
Deallocate cursor
What are the different index configurations a table can have?
A table can have one of the following index configurations:No indexes
A clustered index
A clustered index and many nonclustered indexes
A nonclustered index
Many nonclustered indexes
What is the difference between clustered and a non-clustered index?
A clustered index is a special type of index that reorders the way records in the table are physically stored. Therefore table can have only one clustered index. The leaf nodes of a clustered index contain the data pages.A nonclustered index is a special type of index in which the logical order of the index does not match the physical stored order of the rows on disk. The leaf node of a nonclustered index does not consist of the data pages. Instead, the leaf nodes contain index rows.
What is Index?
An index is a physical structure containing pointers to the data. Indices are created in an existing table to locate rows more quickly and efficiently. It is possible to create an index on one or more columns of a table, and each index is given a name. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up queries. Effective indexes are one of the best ways to improve performance in a database application. A table scan happens when there is no index available to help a query. In a table scan SQL Server examines every row in the table to satisfy the query results. Table scans are sometimes unavoidable, but on large tables, scans have a terrific impact on performance.Clustered indexes define the physical sorting of a database table’s rows in the storage media. For this reason, each database table may have only one clustered index.
Non-clustered indexes are created outside of the database table and contain a sorted list of references to the table itself.
What is View?
A simple view can be thought of as a subset of a table. It can be used for retrieving data, as well as updating or deleting rows. Rows updated or deleted in the view are updated or deleted in the table the view was created with. It should also be noted that as data in the original table changes, so does data in the view, as views are the way to look at part of the original table. The results of using a view are not permanently stored in the database. The data accessed through a view is actually constructed using standard T-SQL select command and can come from one to many different base tables or even other views.What is Trigger?
A trigger is a SQL procedure that initiates an action when an event (INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE) occurs. Triggers are stored in and managed by the DBMS.Triggers are used to maintain the referential integrity of data by changing the data in a systematic fashion. A trigger cannot be called or executed; the DBMS automatically fires the trigger as a result of a data modification to the associated table. Triggers can be viewed as similar to stored procedures in that both consist of procedural logic that is stored at the database level. Stored procedures, however, are not event-drive and are not attached to a specific table as triggers are. Stored procedures are explicitly executed by invoking a CALL to the procedure while triggers are implicitly executed. In addition, triggers can also execute stored procedures.Nested Trigger: A trigger can also contain INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE logic within itself, so when the trigger is fired because of data modification it can also cause another data modification, thereby firing another trigger. A trigger that contains data modification logic within itself is called a nested trigger.
This statement is used to setup new tasks for Service Broker queues.
This statement is use to create a new Service Broker service that is a set of tasks that are run on messages.
What does @@textsize return?
The current value of the TEXTSIZE option for the SET command. This returns the current value of the TEXTSIZE option that can be changed with the SET command. The default is 4096 bytes.Which types of replication work with Oracle publishers?
Snapshot and transactionalOracle publishing with SQL Server works as both snapshot and transactional publication issues.
What tool is available for ad hoc reporting by non IT end users in Reporting Services 2005?
Report BuilderReport Builder is bundled as part of Reporting Services 2005 and is targeted at end users needing to build ad hoc reports. BI Design Studio could be used, but typically requires more time and experience to use than the average end user will be willing to invest.
What does the DEALLOCATE statement do in SQL Server 2005?
Remove a reference to a cursor.This statement is used to remove cursor references. If this is the last reference being removed, the cursor's resources are released.
When you install SQL Server 2005 and create a new database, is a Database Master Key created?
NoA database master key is not created when a database is created. It must be created by an administrator.
Where can you view the list of server-scoped DDL triggers?
The Object Explorer for the server has a "Triggers" folder.The server-scoped DDL triggers will appear in Management Studio in the Object Explorer under the "Triggers" folder.
Which protocols support Kerberos authentication on SQL Server 2005?
TCP/IPOnly those clients connecting with TCP/IP can use Kerberos authentication.
What algorithm is used to encrypt the Database Master Key when it is created?
Triple DESWhen you create a Database Master Key, it is encrypted using the password you supply with the Triple DES algorithm.
How many users can be added to an application role in SQL Server 2005?
NoneThis is a trick questions. No users are added to application roles. Application roles are invoked by a user.
Why do I get the error message "Server Application Unavailable The web application you are attempting to access on this web server is currently unavailable. Please hit the "Refresh" button in your web browser to retry your request."?
By default, ASP.NET runs its worker process (Aspnet_wp.exe) with a weak account (the local machine account, which is named ASPNET) to provide a more secure environment. On a domain controller or on a backup domain controller, all user accounts are domain accounts and are not local machine accounts. Therefore, Aspnet_wp.exe fails to start because it cannot find a local account named "localmachinename\ASPNET". To provide a valid user account on the domain controller, you must specify an explicit account in the section of the Machine.config file, or you must use the SYSTEM account.
HTTP 500" error (or "(DLL) initialization routine failed
This is because if you have the /3GB boot switch enabled, the ASP.NET worker process (Aspnet_wp.exe) does not start. To create and set the "ASPNETENABLE3GB" environment variable as mentioned in the above article, right click MyComputer ->Properties->Advanced > Environment Variables > System variables > New. Add the variable name in the top text box and the value in the lower textbox.Invalid postback or callback argument
- Try adding this into the section of your web.config file:
- <%@ Page Language="C#" MasterPageFile="~/Admin/MasterPage_Admin.master" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeFile="CategoryManagement.aspx.cs" Inherits="Admin_CategoryManagement" Title="Untitled Page" EnableEventValidation="false" %>
- You can also benefit from those features by leaving it enabled then register your control for event validation. Simply add the following call in the PreRender or Render page life cycle then your control should work without having to turn off eventValidation:
Error while trying to run project: Unable to start debugging on the web server. The project is not configured to be debugged
If your project does not have a Web.config file, add a Web.config file to the directory that contains the ASP.NET application. If you are working in Visual Studio .NET, right-click the project in Project Explorer, click Add New Item, and then click Web Configuration File.If your project already has a Web.config file, and if the debug attribute is set to true in the section of the Web.config file, follow these steps to set the Execute Permissions property for the project folder:
- Start Internet Services Manager, and then click the project that you are trying to debug.
- Right-click the project, and then click Properties.
- Click the Directory tab.
- If None is selected in the Execute Permissions list, click Scripts only, and then click Apply.
"The changes you requested to the table were not successful because they would create duplicate values in the index, primary key, or relationship."
This error is related to the database not being able to handle the update or insert the Server Behavior that it is trying to perform.The Server Behavior is attempting to update or insert into a database table's auto number field. The database can't handle an external input into an Autonumber field. When a record is inserted the autonumber is defined automatically, so when the update or insert behavior tries to place another item into the field it fails.
When applying the Insert or Update Server Behavior, ensure that no information is modifying an autonumber field.
"Table is exclusively locked by user"
In this case, the Access file is locked and a lock file (.ldb) exists. The lock file may exist because a DSN of a different name is accessing the database.Search for any *.ldb files and delete them. If another DSN (user or System) exists which is accessing the database, you may want to delete it as well and ensure that a single DSN refers to the database. Reboot the machine after making these changes.
"The Microsoft Jet database engine cannot open the file. It is already opened exclusively by another user..."
When using Live Data mode or Preview in
Browser, users get the error:
"The Microsoft Jet database engine cannot open the file. It is already opened exclusively by another user..."
The account that is accessing the page doesn't have sufficient permissions to lock the database. The account would be either the anonymous account (by default the IUSR_computername) or a specific user account if the page has been secured for authenticated access.
If you are using an Access file, it may not have proper permissions. To check the permissions:
"The Microsoft Jet database engine cannot open the file. It is already opened exclusively by another user..."
The account that is accessing the page doesn't have sufficient permissions to lock the database. The account would be either the anonymous account (by default the IUSR_computername) or a specific user account if the page has been secured for authenticated access.
If you are using an Access file, it may not have proper permissions. To check the permissions:
- Find the database file in File Explorer.
- Right-click and select properties.
- Select the Security tab and click the Permissions button.
- In the File Permissions dialog, make sure "Everyone" appears in the list box with Full Control as the access type setting.
This error generally occurs when attempting to use the "Insert Record" or the "Update Record" server behavior to set the value of a column in Microsoft Access to an empty string ("").
This error most often occurs when using Microsoft Access. Access is characterized by strong data typing; it imposes a rigorous set of rules on given column values. The empty string value in the command text (SQL) cannot be stored in MS Access data fields that do not allow zero-length strings.
Using the table design tool within Access, ensure that the parameter "Allow Zero Length" pertaining to the field you are attempting to modify, is set to "yes".
"Field cannot be a zero-length string" error
This error generally occurs when attempting to use the "Insert Record" or the "Update Record" server behavior to set the value of a column in Microsoft Access to an empty string ("").This error most often occurs when using Microsoft Access. Access is characterized by strong data typing; it imposes a rigorous set of rules on given column values. The empty string value in the command text (SQL) cannot be stored in MS Access data fields that do not allow zero-length strings.
Check the column names in your database against your query string to make sure that the spelling is correct. In other words, ensure that all of the field names in your SQL statement are spelled correctly.
HTTP Status Codes
HTTP Status codes are returned by the server to the client software to determine the outcome of a request, the codes below are the HTTP /1.1 codes.HTTP CODES - 100-101
100 - Continue Tells the client that the first part of the request has been received and that it should continue with the rest of the request or ignore if the request has been fulfilled.
101 - Switching Protocols Tells the client that the server will switch protocols to that specified in the Upgrade message header field during the current connection.
HTTP CODES 200-206
200 - OK The request sent by the client was successful.
201 - Created The request was successful and a new resource was created.
202 - Accepted The request has been accepted for processing, but has not yet been processed.
203 - Non-Authoritative Information The returned meta information in the entity-header is not the definitive set as available from the origin server.
204 - No Content The request was successful but does not require the return of an entity-body.
205 - Reset Content The request was successful but the User-Agent should reset the document view that caused the request.
206 - Partial Content The partial GET request has been successful.
HTTP CODES 300-307
300 - Multiple Choices The requested resource has multiple possibilities, each with different locations.
301 - Moved Permanently The resource has permanently moved to a different URI.
302 - Found The requested resource has been found under a different URI but the client should continue to use the original URI.
303 - See Other The requested response is at a different URI and should be accessed using a GET command at the given URI.
304 - Not Modified The resource has not been modified since the last request.
305 - Use Proxy The requested resource can only be accessed through the proxy specified in the location field.
306 - No Longer Used Reserved for future use.
307 - Temporary Redirect The resource has temporarily been moved to a different URI. The client should use the original URI to access the resource in future as the URI may change.
HTTP CODES 400-417
400 - Bad Request The syntax of the request was not understood by the server.
401 - Not Authorised The request needs user authentication.
402 - Payment Required Reserved for future use.
403 - Forbidden The server has refused to fulfill the request.
404 - Not Found The document/file requested by the client was not found.
405 - Method Not Allowed The method specified in the Request-Line is not allowed for the specified resource.
406 - Not Acceptable The resource requested is only capable of generating response entities which have content characteristics not specified in the accept headers sent in the request.
407 - Proxy Authentication Required The request first requires authentication with the proxy.
408 - Request Timeout The client failed to sent a request in the time allowed by the server.
409 - Conflict The request was unsuccessful due to a conflict in the state of the resource.
410 - Gone The resource requested is no longer available and no forwarding address is available.
411 - Length Required The server will not accept the request without a valid Content-Length header field.
412 - Precondition Failed A precondition specified in one or more Request-Header fields returned false.
413 - Request Entity Too Large The request was unsuccessful because the request entity is larger than the server will allow.
414 - Request URI Too Long The request was unsuccessful because the URI specified is longer than the server is willing to process.
415 - Unsupported Media Type The request was unsuccessful because the entity of the request is in a format not supported by the requested resource for the method requested.
416 - Requested Range Not Satisfiable The request included a Range request-header field, and not any of the Range-specifier values in this field overlap the current extent of the selected resource, and also the request did not include an If-Range request-header field.
417 - Expectation Failed The expectation given in the Expect request-header could not be fulfilled by the server.
HTTP CODES 500-505
500 - Internal Server Error The request was unsuccessful due to an unexpected condition encountered by the server.
501 - Not Implemented The request was unsuccessful because the server can not support the functionality needed to fulfill the request.
502 - Bad Gateway The server received an invalid response from the upstream server while trying to fulfill the request.
503 - Service Unavailable The request was unsuccessful to the server being down or overloaded.
504 - Gateway Timeout The upstream server failed to send a request in the time allowed by the server.
505 - HTTP Version Not Supported The server does not support or is not allowing the HTTP protocol version specified in the request.
"HTTP 500" error (or "(DLL) initialization routine failed")
This is because if you have the /3GB boot switch enabled, the ASP.NET worker process (Aspnet_wp.exe) does not start.To create and set the "ASPNETENABLE3GB" environment variable as mentioned in the above article, right click MyComputer ->Properties->Advanced > Environment Variables > System variables > New. Add the variable name in the top text box and the value in the lower textbox.
Login failed for user ‘sa’
1. In the web.config put this lineset identity impersonate="true"
2. Turn off Anonymous authentication in IIS for the web site.
3. Basically replace password and username with Integrated Security=SSPI;
